{"id":63,"date":"2025-10-02T03:35:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-02T03:35:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/beyond-2015\/"},"modified":"2025-10-02T03:35:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-02T03:35:14","slug":"beyond-2015","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/articles\/beyond-2015\/","title":{"rendered":"Beyond 2015"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"content column wide left article content view\" id=\"content\">\n<div class=\"edit image\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/var\/broker\/storage\/images\/images\/broker-14\/drinking-child-in-afrika\/722193-1-eng-gb\/drinking-child-in-afrika_full_view.jpg\" alt=\"\">\n\t<\/div>\n<article class=\"fader  Research article\">\n<header class=\"contents\">\n<div class=\"share\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n    var addthis_config = {\n        ui_language = 'en'\n    }\n<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"addthis sharing\">\n\t<!-- AddThis Button BEGIN --><\/p>\n<div class=\"addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style\" addthis:title=\"Beyond 2015\">\n\t<a class=\"addthis_button_twitter\" tw:via=\"thebrokeronline\"><\/a><br \/>\n\t<a class=\"addthis_button_facebook\"><\/a><br \/>\n\t<a class=\"addthis_button_pinterest_share\"><\/a><br \/>\n\t<a class=\"addthis_button_preferred_4\"><\/a><br \/>\n\t<a class=\"addthis_button_compact\"><\/a><br \/>\n\t<a class=\"addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style\"><\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<p>\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">var addthis_config = data_track_addressbar;<\/script><br \/>\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/js\/300\/addthis_widget.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n\t<!-- AddThis Button END -->\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"addthis article_options\">\n    \t\t\t\t\t\t<a title=\"Export article to PDF\" class=\"pdf\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/extension\/broker\/design\/broker\/images\/pdficon.png\" alt=\"pdf\"><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeyond 2015<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n<h2>Rethinking development policy<\/h2>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"pubDate\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/experts-and-authors\/sumner-andy\/\">Andy&nbsp;Sumner<\/a>\t\t|<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMay 26, 2025\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"intro contents\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">The deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) isn\u2019t until 2015. But it is time to begin thinking about the \u2018MDG-plus\u2019 agenda. But what, if anything, should replace the MDGs as a policy focus or new development paradigm?<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"body contents\">\n\t\t<!-- body --><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Shouldn\u2019t we focus on meeting the MDGs and on mitigating the impacts of the global economic crisis rather than discuss what will happen after the 2015 target date? Yes and no. One result of the economic crisis is that \u2018business as usual\u2019 is unlikely to continue. And as 2015 approaches, there will be more room to rethink international development in terms of what, if anything, might form an \u2018MDG-plus\u2019 agenda. The question of how to proceed post-2015 will likely emerge on the agenda at the United Nation\u2019s MDG+10 conference in 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">This is just the beginning. It will take a considerable amount of work to set up a sufficient global debate on any post-2015 architecture, and to ensure that the voices of the poor and marginalized are heard and inform the discussion. A truly global and participatory discussion through a series of roundtables, public events, research and debate is needed.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_1\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Rethinking the MDG approach<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">The MDG approach can be described as \u2018human development meets results-based management\u2019. It consists of the quantitative targets of the MDGs but can be extended to the much broader Millennium Declaration. Advocates of the MDG approach believe it provides a rallying call for placing multi-dimensional poverty reduction \u2013 which goes beyond simply measuring progress in terms of aggregate GDP or per capita income growth \u2013 at the centre of development efforts. The MDGs are thus viewed as a set of indicators for guiding poverty reduction and for holding international agencies and governments accountable to citizens. Those less convinced see the MDG approach, however, as a donor-led, reductionist agenda that pays little attention to locally defined and owned definitions of progress and development.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Recently there have been efforts to examine the impacts of the MDGs, but such initiatives are still in their infancy. A key issue has been to determine what exactly to assess. Should researchers be looking at the impacts of the MDGs on the international development discourse itself, or in terms of changes in policy or in resource allocations? And how can researchers assess the impacts in countries such as India and China, which have long focused on core MDG concerns, but simply do not label them as such?<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Researchers are certainly collecting a lot more data on poverty. The MDGs and results-based management have played a role in this, albeit with regard to the dimensions of poverty that were dominant in the late 1990s, such as education and health, rather than \u2018newer\u2019 dimensions. More recent participatory poverty assessment initiatives, including the World Bank\u2019s Voices of the Poor project, identify dimensions that the poor themselves judge to be important aspects of poverty, such as risk, vulnerability, security, dignity, voice and governance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">This focus on \u2018subjective\u2019 or local experiences of poverty, development and well-being is associated with Robert Chambers of the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in the UK. Chambers argues that poor people\u2019s own perceptions of poverty \u2013 rather than those of the rich or the development community \u2013 should be the starting point, and that researchers may often miss what matters to poor people. Top-down understandings of poverty may not correspond with how poor people themselves conceptualize changes in their well-being. Allister McGregor reminds us of Jeremy Bentham\u2019s warning to \u2018beware the ipse-dixitists!\u2019 (and we might relate this to \u2018ipse-dixitist indicators\u2019), i.e. \u2018those who would wish to superimpose their notions of what wellbeing should be on others\u2019.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">In short, we should give greater weight to poor people\u2019s own concerns and to the qualitative, social and psychological aspects of well-being. We should also pay attention to long-standing material and objective aspects, such as access to income, nutrition, health and education, while remembering that security, respect, status, dignity, voice and vulnerability may be more important to some than consumption.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_2\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Assessing the impacts of the MDGs<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">On the impacts on the international development discourse, Richard Manning, former chair of the OECD\u2019s Development Assistance Committee (DAC), notes that the MDGs have been \u2018strong, and significantly stronger than previous attempts to use indicator sets to highlight issues (such as the \u201cDevelopment Decades\u201d or the various initiatives for least developed and small island countries)\u2019. As evidence for this, Manning cites the follow-up in the international community in terms of MDG reports, high-level events and G8 discussions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Kevin Watkins, a policy analyst with Oxfam International, agrees that \u2018there is little question that the MDG targets have made a difference. The targets have provided a moral compass and a set of yardsticks for measuring progress. National governments, multilateral development banks and bilateral donors have all scaled up and strengthened the monitoring of progress towards the MDGs. More than that, they have placed poverty reduction at the centre of the international development agenda, helping to stimulate more rapid expansion of access to basic health, education and wider goals\u2019.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">But beyond these impacts on the development discourse, have the MDGs resulted in changes in policy and resource allocations? In terms of donors\u2019 statements and national development strategies, such as poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), the picture is mixed. In 2008 development economist Sakiko Fukuda-Parr of the New School, New York, reviewed the policy statements of 21 bilateral donor members of the DAC and the PRSPs of 22 developing countries. Fukuda-Parr concluded that for donors, addressing the MDGs and multi-dimensional poverty is central. However, in spite of this, some dimensions receive far greater attention than others. The donor statements Fukuda-Parr reviewed paid very limited attention to maternal mortality and child survival, for example. With regard to the MDG impacts at national level, in terms of inclusion into national policies, Fukuda-Parr found that all the PRSPs reviewed included a commitment to the MDGs, but emphasized economic growth and social spending, rather than addressing other aspects of poverty such as hunger and nutrition.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">One question to ask is whether the adoption of the MDGs is simply a reflection of donor relationships in aid-dependent countries, or is there a real sense of local ownership either by governments or by civil society?<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">A wide range of countries, including Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Benin, Bhutan, Cambodia, the Cook Islands, Kenya, Kosovo, Mongolia and Vietnam, have developed and added locally defined MDGs. It is interesting that these additional goals often relate to the \u2018missing\u2019 or \u2018newer\u2019 dimensions of poverty noted above, such as risk and vulnerability, particularly in relation to decent or non-hazardous work and security. They also often relate to governance and voice, and in particular to human rights and democracy.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_3\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_3\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Unexpected impacts<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">What about the potentially negative impacts of the MDGs? Ashwani Saith of the Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in The Hague, believes that the \u2018scaffolding\u2019 of the MDGs may distort development policy and practice. He warns that the MDGs \u2018ghettoize\u2019 the problem of development by locating it exclusively in the \u2018third world\u2019, with \u2018our\u2019 agenda for \u2018them\u2019 based entirely on absolute levels of deprivation or standards of living. Saith notes the strength of instruments that provide a \u2018template of targets for the bureaucratic mind\u2019, but argues there is a potential to distort development, as the impact of the MDG approach has been to divert resources and focus in terms of the orientation of social science research agendas. Much development research is dependent on funding from external sources, especially from development agencies that are MDG-driven.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Bureaucracies and governments can also distort policy and practice. Saith argues that the \u2018misuse and manipulation of statistics and the misrepresentation of outcomes\u2019 can result in \u2018perverse incentives and behaviour\u2019. He notes the widespread human rights abuses of earlier eras in terms of population control targets. He also refers to the likely targeting of those nearest the poverty line \u2013 those who can most easily be lifted out of poverty \u2013 rather than the poorest, who require major and perhaps more costly interventions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">More local ownership of the MDGs may indeed lead to their having a greater impact. However, this idea needs to be explored. The impacts of the MDGs are, of course, likely to differ from country to country. It would be useful to know how and why these differences occur and what factors determine local ownership of the MDGs in terms of actors, networks, political contexts and institutions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Where does all this leave us? The current context for poverty reduction is one of global recession, uncertainty and ongoing changes in policy and situations \u2013 in short, of multiple and interlinked crises, with potentially large adverse impacts on levels of poverty. The MDGs represented an approach that in many ways suited the benign decade before the crisis, a period of relative stability, strong economic growth and fairly buoyant aid budgets. But even then, the MDGs sat uneasily with emerging ideas about soft systems and complexity theory that posited that development is difficult to predict or steer, nonlinear in cause and effect, and that attempts at plan-driven and top-down approaches sit uneasily with discourses on rights, participation, empowerment and citizenship. In the new era of global uncertainties \u2013 not only the economic crisis, but also climate change, demographic shifts, and so on \u2013 aid budgets are likely to be under pressure and development, in terms of economic growth at least, is likely to be in a downturn.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_4\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_4\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>The crises, indicators and vulnerability<\/h2>\n<div class=\"object-left\">\n<div class=\"embedded-image article_full\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/var\/broker\/storage\/images\/images\/broker-14\/schema-mdgs\/722273-1-eng-gb\/schema-mdgs_article_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" align=\"left\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"attribute-caption\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"attribute-caption\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Linking the MDGs with indicators of vulnerability.\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">One option would be to link each MDG to corresponding indicators of vulnerability in terms of both outcomes and the underlying processes that lead to such vulnerabilities (see table). Poverty itself is about deprivation in various dimensions. Vulnerability is about the risk or probability that an individual, household or community will face deprivation. Such risks may be environmental (related to climate change, for example), economic or market-based (access to finance), political (changes in workers\u2019 rights or conflicts in society) or social (changes in social protection). There is now a large literature that posits that vulnerability and risk are not just \u2018new\u2019 dimensions of poverty, but are themselves causes of poverty and deprivation. They matter for the MDGs because exposure to various vulnerabilities hinders poverty reduction. An enabling environment for poverty reduction is one where such risks are minimized via policy interventions such as social protection.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_5\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>A well-being approach<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Should we stick with the MDGs, but add more indicators and\/or invest more money and effort? Or has it been shown that the MDG approach needs rethinking, either from the start (results leading up to 2008 or so) or since the crisis, and that we therefore need another way of looking at poverty and development?<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">There are currently several initiatives to review development indicators, the most notable of which are the OECD\u2019s Measuring the Progress of Societies, the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, the Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD) programme and the UN University\u2013WIDER Poverty, Inequality and Well-being Project. Such amount of activity suggests that the current approach to the development indicators needs rethinking. Indeed, in signing the June 2007 OECD Istanbul Declaration, governments committed themselves to developing locally defined indicators of poverty and human well-being.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">A \u2018human well-being\u2019 lens is emerging as a complement to the more traditional and material ways of thinking about poverty and \u2018ill-being\u2019 (see \u2018Be well\u2019, <i>The Broker<\/i> 12). Human well-being broadens our focus from what people can do and be, to how people <i>feel<\/i> about what they can do and be.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">What\u2019s new about this? Some experts believe the expected value added is exaggerated. However, the well-being approach does improve on \u2018traditional\u2019 poverty approaches in at least two ways. Its explicit focus on the relational and the subjective is one. What people feel they can do or be has a strong impact on what they will actually be able to be and do (for example, aspirations). In turn, these feelings and perceptions are determined by personal experiences as well as by norms and values that are culturally and socially determined. The material, subjective and relational are co-evolving, interdependent and dynamically interacting domains. We cannot focus exclusively on just one or two of them.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Another value of the well-being approach is that it is about positives. The approach is more respectful, as it is based on what people can do, be and feel, rather than on what they cannot. In line with feminist Nancy Fraser\u2019s work on recognition and respect, it avoids the \u2018othering\u2019 of people as the \u2018poor\u2019 and thus inferior to the \u2018non-poor\u2019. It is also respectful in the sense that it is about self-determination and participation, rather than exogenously defined well-being.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">The focus of the well-being approach on the perceptual and relational is inherently political. It asks who has what, who can do what, who feels good about what they can have and do, who commands resources, who is able to achieve their needs and goals with those resources, and who constructs meanings in terms of goals to be achieved and processes to achieve them. It also makes power more explicit, not only as material political economy, but as discourse, and as embedded in norms, values and conventions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">The approach suggests that public policy should continue to emphasize material well-being (public expenditure, economic growth, etc.), but should also address more controversial public policy domains dealing with values, relationships, norms and behaviour. This idea has recently been popularized by economists Dan Ariely, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, and more broadly in behavioural economics research. How to use public policy to influence choices or decisions (but not by coercion) or \u2018nudge\u2019 people \u2018in a way that will make the choosers better off, as judged by themselves\u2019. Isn\u2019t this a bit \u2018ipse-dixitist\u2019 though? It implies new types of public policy emphasis that seek to influence how people think and behave. Take, for example, the public information campaigns to promote feeding programmes and schooling for girls in Bangladesh.<a name=\"eztoc16227_0_6\" id=\"eztoc16227_0_6\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Where do we go from here?<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Agreeing on a post-MDG architecture is not just a question of choosing which indicators of well-being or poverty to emphasize, or on which targets to focus, but also of deciding on the process we should promote to produce any new set of targets. There are three possible ways forward:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>More of the same<\/i>. We continue with the same MDGs, with or without a timeline. Economist Jeffrey Sachs has argued for a timeline of 2025, while others press for 2020. But is another 5\u201310 years enough to make progress?<\/li>\n<li><i>Something a bit more radical<\/i>. We create new targets, perhaps locally defined, with or without a timeline. <\/li>\n<li><i>Combine the MDGs with something new<\/i>. We pursue an \u2018inner core\u2019 of the existing MDGs, but add new and locally defined targets as an \u2018outer core\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"object-left\">\n<div class=\"embedded-image article_full\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/var\/broker\/storage\/images\/images\/broker-14\/three-ways-forward\/722257-1-eng-gb\/three-ways-forward_article_full.jpg\" alt=\"\" align=\"left\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"attribute-caption\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Lineair \/ Praful Rao<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"attribute-caption\" style=\"width:580px;\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Where do we go from here? There are three possible ways forward: More of the same, something a bit more radical or combining the MDGs with something new.\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">We could be bolder about heralding a new development agenda that is wider in scope, but which is still anchored around the MDGs. We might seek to capture what Manning calls a more \u2018one-world\u2019 approach, aimed at encouraging policy makers worldwide to give greater weight to tackling interrelated, systemic global issues, such as poverty and climate change. This resonates with the oft forgotten MDG-8 on global partnership. In the case of poverty such an approach might mean that inequality becomes more significant (in for example relative poverty and social inclusion indicators). However, more work is needed, and soon, in order to have sufficient time for a global discussion on any post-2015 architecture.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">The answer to the question of \u2018what next\u2019 depends on several fundamental choices that emerge from the following three questions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What has been the impact of the MDG approach on poverty reduction to date, and what does it mean for any MDG-plus agenda?<\/li>\n<li>What key meta-processes are likely to shape development over the next 10\u201315 years, and what do they imply for an MDG-plus agenda?<\/li>\n<li>What, if anything, should replace the MDG approach and thus form an MDG-plus agenda?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Should the emphasis be on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>universal indicators, such as the MDGs, or more locally defined measures of progress, or both?<\/li>\n<li>global development (systemic issues of which poverty is a central one) or the \u2018bottom billion\u2019 (Collier\u2019s poorest countries), or both?<\/li>\n<li>material deprivation or something broader, such as human development or human well-being? <\/li>\n<li>indicators of outcomes or progress (which most of the MDGs are), or of an enabling environment (reducing vulnerabilities)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">These and related questions will likely emerge on the agenda at the UN\u2019s MDG+10 conference in 2010. A truly global and participatory discussion through a series of roundtables, public events, research and debate is needed in the near future. The first such initiative is \u2018After 2015\u2019, a policy forum hosted by DSA\/EADI\/ActionAid\/IDS\/DFID in Brussels in June 2009 and the communiqu\u00e9 that will come from it. Follow the discussion on <i>The Broker<\/i> website and the conference blog with contributions from keynote speakers at the conference.<\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\" target=\"_blank\">Read comments and contributions to the debate &gt;&gt;&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"credit\">\n\t\t\tPhoto credit main picture:<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHollandse Hoogte \/ Camera Press\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\t\t<!-- body --><br \/>\n\t\t<!-- footnotes --><\/p>\n<h3>Footnotes<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"footnotes\">\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t1\" name=\"f1\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Hulme, D. (2008) <i>The Making of the Millennium Development Goals: Human Development Meets Results-Based Management in an Imperfect World<\/i>. BWPI Working Paper. BWPI: Manchester. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/bwpi.manchester.ac.uk\/resources\/working-papers\/bwpi-wp-1607.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t2\" name=\"f2\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\nMaxwell, S. (2005) <i>The Washington Consensus is Dead! Long Live the Meta-narrative! <\/i>ODI Working Paper 243. ODI: London. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/resources\/download\/1809.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a>.<br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/> <\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t3\" name=\"f3\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">See, for example: Saith, A. (2007) <i>From universal values to MDGs: Lost in translation. Development and Change<\/i>. 37(6): 1167\u20131199; Manning, R. (2009) <i>Using Indicators to Encourage Development: Lessons from the MDGs<\/i>. DIIS Report 2009:01, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/graphics\/publications\/reports2009\/diis_report_2009-1_using_indicators_to_encourage_development.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a>; Fukuda-Parr, S. (2008) <i>Are the MDGs Priority in Development Strategies and Aid Programmes? Only few are!<\/i> IPC Working Paper 48, UNDP International Poverty Centre, Brasilia. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/pub\/ipcworkingpaper48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a>; Watkins, K. (2008) <i>The Millennium Development Goals: Three Proposals for Renewing the Vision and Reshaping the Future<\/i>. UNESCO: Paris. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/2442520\/Millennium-Development-Goals\" target=\"_blank\">www.scribd.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t4\" name=\"f4\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">See for example: Chambers, R. (2007) <i>Poverty Research: Methodologies, Mindsets and Multidimensionality<\/i>, IDS Working Paper, Brighton: IDS. www.ids.ac.uk <\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t5\" name=\"f5\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">McGregor, A. (2007) <i>Wellbeing and International Development: Promises and Pitfalls<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/econ-dev\/wellbeing\/conference2007\/final-papers\/plenary\/wellbeing_in_international_development.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">View PDF<\/a>. <\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t6\" name=\"f6\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Manning, R. (2009) <i>Using Indicators to Encourage Development: Lessons from the MDGs<\/i>. DIIS Report 2009:01, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t7\" name=\"f7\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Watkins, K. (2008) <i>The Millennium Development Goals: Three Proposals for Renewing the Vision and Reshaping the Future<\/i>. Paris: UNESCO.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t8\" name=\"f8\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Fukuda-Parr, S. (2008) <i>Are the MDGs Priority in Development Strategies and Aid Programmes? Only few are!<\/i> IPC Working Paper 48, Brasilia: UNDP International Poverty Centre.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t9\" name=\"f9\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Saith, A. (2007) From universal values to MDGs: Lost in translation. <i>Development and Change<\/i>. 37(6): 1167\u20131199.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t10\" name=\"f10\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\nFor example: <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/><br \/>\n(i) Indicators of food security \u2013 see Devereux, S. (2006) <i>Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity<\/i>. Brighton: IDS. <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/><br \/>\n(ii) Indicators of social protection \u2013 see Barrientos, A. (2007) <i>Core Analytical Framework and Indicators for the Evaluation of DFID-supported Pilot Social Transfer Schemes<\/i>. DFID Evaluation Working Paper. London: DFID. <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/><br \/>\n(iii) Indicators of social quality \u2013 see Phillips, D. (2008) <i>Social Quality: Indicators from Europe and their Implications for Asia<\/i>. Paper presented at national Taiwan University Workshop on Social Quality, April. <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/><br \/>\n(iv) Indicators of physical safety and security \u2013 see Diprose, R. (2007) Safety and security: A proposal for international comparable indicators of violence. <i>Oxford Development Studies<\/i> 35(4): 431\u2013458; Justino, P. (2009, forthcoming) Poverty and violent conflict: A micro-level perspective on the causes and duration of warfare. <i>Journal of Peace Research<\/i>, 46 (3); <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/><br \/>\n(v) Indicators of adaptation to climate change \u2013 see Eriksen, S. and Kelly, P. (2007) Developing credible vulnerability indicators for climate adaptation policy assessment. <i>Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change<\/i> 12(4): 495\u2013524; and <br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>(vi) Indicators of pro-poor governance \u2013 see UNDP (2009) <i>Pro-Poor Governance and the Policy Process: A Framework<\/i>. Framework Paper 2. UNDP Oslo Governance Centre, Oslo.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t11\" name=\"f11\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">\nOECD\u2019s Measuring the Progress of Societies, www.oecd.org; Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ophi.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\">www.ophi.org.uk<\/a>; Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD) programme, University of Bath, UK, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.welldev.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\">www.welldev.org.uk<\/a>; and the United Nations University WIDER Poverty, Inequality and Well-being Project, www.wider.unu.edu<br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>See also Giovannini, E. (2009) <i>Why Measuring Progress Matters<\/i>. OECD: Paris. www.oecdobserver.org<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t12\" name=\"f12\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">For a discussion of concepts, methods and indicators, see McGregor, J.A. (2007) Researching wellbeing: From concepts to methodology, in I. Gough and J.A McGregor (eds) <i>Wellbeing in Developing Countries<\/i>, Cambridge University Press; Samman, E. (2007) Psychological and subjective wellbeing: A proposal for international comparable indicators of violence. <i>Oxford Development Studies<\/i> 35(4): 459-486, www.informaworld.com; Copestake, J. (2008) Wellbeing in international development: what\u2019s new? <i>Journal of International Development<\/i> 20(5): 577-597; White, S.C. (2008) <i>But what is Wellbeing? A Framework for Analysis in Social and Development Policy and Practice<\/i>. WeD Working Paper 43. Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC Research Group, University of Bath, UK. <\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t13\" name=\"f13\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Fraser, N. (1997) <i>From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a \u2018Postsocialist\u2019 Age<\/i>. Routledge: London.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t14\" name=\"f14\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Ariely, D (2008) <i>Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape our Decisions<\/i>. Harper Collins: London; Thaler, R. and Sunstein, C. (2008) <i>Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness<\/i>. Yale University Press: New Haven.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#t15\" name=\"f15\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\">Collier, P. (2007) <i>The Bottom Billion<\/i>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"yunu3cvqabft7vifv\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\t\t<!-- footnotes -->\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<section class=\"commentform content column wide left\">\n<div class=\"disqus_content\">\n\t\t\t<a name=\"comments\" id=\"comments\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"disqus_thread\"><\/div>\n<p>\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t\t\t\/* * * CONFIGURATION VARIABLES: EDIT BEFORE PASTING INTO YOUR WEBPAGE * * *\/\n\t\t\t\tvar disqus_shortname = 'broker'; \/\/ required: replace example with your forum shortname\n\t\t\t\tvar disqus_identifier = '2690';\n\t\t\t\t\/* * * DON'T EDIT BELOW THIS LINE * * *\/\n\t\t\t\tfunction trackComment(comment)\n\t\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\t\tconsole.log(comment);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tfunction disqus_config() {\n\t\t\t\t\tthis.callbacks.onNewComment = [function() { \n\t\t\t\t\tconsole.log(comment);\n\t\t\t\t\t}];\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t\t\tvar dsq = document.createElement('script'); dsq.type = 'text\/javascript'; dsq.async = true;\n\t\t\t\t\tdsq.src = '\/\/' + disqus_shortname + 'https:\/\/www.thebrokeronline.eu\/files\/articles\/.disqus.com\/embed.js';\n\t\t\t\t\t(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(dsq);\n\t\t\t\t})();\n\t\t\t<\/script><br \/>\n\t\t\t<!--\n\t\t\t<noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the <a href=\"http:\/\/disqus.com\/?ref_noscript\">comments powered by Disqus.<\/a><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/disqus.com\" class=\"dsq-brlink\">comments powered by <span class=\"logo-disqus\">Disqus<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t-->\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false,"raw":""},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Beyond 2015 Rethinking development policy Andy&nbsp;Sumner | May 26, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template_2.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-63","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Beyond 2015 \/ Articles - The Broker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) isn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122t until 2015. 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